VITAMIN D — ITS ROLE IN BRONCHIAL ASTHMA AND COMORBID CONDITIONS

Infectious agents as inducing factors for asthma exacerbation — [Original source not specified in text]

2. Viral stimulation of Th2 lymphocyte proliferation and allergic inflammation in bronchi — [Original source not specified in text]

3. Antiproliferative effect of vitamin D on cancer cells — [Original source not specified in text]

4. J.M. Brehm et al. (2012). Vitamin D deficiency associated with asthma exacerbations and lower FEV₁/FVC ratio in children. Study of 560 children aged 6–14 years.

5. Detection of vitamin D receptors in immune system cells. 1980s.

6. Robert J. Freishtat et al. Vitamin D levels in pediatric asthma patients. Study of 92 patients with asthma and 21 controls, aged 6–20 years. [Additional data on VDR knockout mice, NF-κB phosphorylation, and cytokine profiles in T cells].

7. McGlade et al. UV radiation and vitamin D supplementation: regulatory T cell influence and bronchial hyperreactivity. [Additional data on Worthman et al. (2016), vitamin D transport protein, IFN-γ regulation of hydroxylation, cathelicidin synthesis, T cell circulation, suppressive cell induction, and tuberculosis treatment history].

8. A.A. Ginde et al. Peripheral blood 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels and upper respiratory tract infections. [Additional data on metabolic syndrome, BMI correlation with asthma, and pediatric asthma severity].

9. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as a cause of vitamin D deficiency. [Additional data on VDR-RXR complex, VDRE elements, cathelicidin gene expression, cytokine response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Th1/Th2 cytokine modulation at different calcitriol concentrations, and immune cell hydroxylation capacity].

10. Immune cells synthesizing calcitriol: VDR and hydroxylase enzymes. [Additional data on obesity as a risk factor for asthma development].

11. Worthman et al. (2016). Time to reach maximum vitamin D serum concentration in obesity. [Additional data on hypoproteinemia and vitamin D levels, MHC II expression reduction].

12. Association between high triglyceride levels and vitamin D deficiency. Study of 15,088 patients. [Additional data on dendritic cell proliferation, monocyte differentiation, vitamin D and asthma severity, glucocorticoid use].

13. Association between high triglyceride levels and vitamin D deficiency. Study of 6,810 patients. [Additional data on paradoxical increase in total cholesterol and LDL with vitamin D supplementation in weight loss programs, Felicia Montero-Arias et al. study of 121 asthma patients].

14. UV irradiation study in Northern Scotland: 24 patients with skin diseases. [Additional data on immune function, T cell count, CD3 regulatory T cells, vitamin D levels after 4 weeks, proliferative activity, cytokine response, dendritic cell effects, paracrine calcitriol synthesis].

15. Vitamin D hydroxylation in liver and kidneys, parathyroid hormone regulation. [Additional data on VDR-RXR-DNA binding, 2,776 VDR loci, autoimmune disease genes, vitamin D and renin-angiotensin system, TLR inhibition, NF-κB in VDR knockout mice, TNF-α reduction].

16. Weight reduction in NAFLD patients and serum vitamin D levels.

17. Vitamin D effects: calcium metabolism, hormone secretion, immune function, cellular proliferation and differentiation. [Additional data on renin-angiotensin system in VDR knockout mice, local calcitriol synthesis in immune cells, vitamin D and cancer/autoimmune diseases/diabetes].

18. A. Tanupriya et al. Vitamin D levels in diabetes mellitus patients and childhood vitamin D intake. [Additional data on antiproliferative effect on cancer cells, weight loss program with calcium and vitamin D supplementation (63 overweight females, 15 weeks), pediatric asthma and allergic manifestations].

19. Calcitriol interaction with vitamin D receptors: nuclear receptors regulating gene transcription.

20. J. Ludwig et al. (1980). NAFLD as an independent nosological form. [Additional data on vitamin D and chronic lung diseases, asthma, COPD, FEV₁ decline].

21. Vitamin D influence on T cells, B cells, and macrophages: cellular and humoral immunity. [Additional data on epidemiological studies: rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, oncological diseases].

22. J.M. Brehm et al. (1,024 children with asthma). Vitamin D deficiency and asthma exacerbations. [Additional data on low vitamin D and severe asthma, hospitalization rates, glucocorticoid doses].

23. T. Agrawal et al. Vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women reduces asthma risk by 40% in children aged 3–5 years. [Additional data on parathyroid hormone regulation of calcitriol synthesis].

24. Vitamin D and calcium/phosphorus ion regulation: intestinal absorption, bone mobilization, renal reabsorption.

25. Brehm et al. Vitamin D levels below 30 ng/mL increase risk of severe asthma exacerbations.

26. Brehm et al. (1,024 children from North America, 4 years). Vitamin D deficiency increases risk of bronchial asthma exacerbation.

27. Vitamin D vitamers: ergocalciferol (D₂) and cholecalciferol (D₃).

28. Stephanie Korn. Low vitamin D levels in severe asthma. Study of 280 patients.

29. Direct correlation between vitamin D levels and apolipoprotein A-1, inverse correlation with HDL/LDL ratio. Study of 54 healthy patients. [Additional data on 102 target genes for vitamin D in CD4⁺ T cells].

30. Non-linear relationship between vitamin D and IgE levels in British residents. Low (<25 nmol/L) or high (>135 nmol/L) vitamin D associated with high IgE.

31. Half-life of vitamin 25[OH]D in blood: 2–3 weeks.

32. Vitamin D effects on T cells: five-fold increase in VDR expression upon activation, inhibition of proliferation.

33. Vitamin D role in glucose-induced insulin secretion via VDR on β-cells.

34. VDR loci near genes associated with autoimmune diseases and cancer.

35. Low vitamin D associated with more rapid decline in FEV₁.

36. 1. Jolliffe DA, Griffiths CJ, Martineau AR. Vitamin D in the prevention of acute respiratory infection: systematic review of clinical studies. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013;136:321-329.

37. Pham H, Rahman A, Majidi A, et al. Acute respiratory tract infection and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:3020.

38. Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ. 2017;356:i6583.

39. Jolliffe DA, Greenberg L, Hooper RL, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent asthma exacerbations: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet Respir Med. 2017;5:881-890.

40. Jolliffe DA, Greenberg L, Hooper RL, et al. Vitamin D to prevent exacerbations of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised controlled trials. Thorax. 2019;74:337-345.

41. [Updated Meta-Analysis, 2024/2025]. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of stratified aggregate data. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. [Latest update incorporating 49 RCTs with 48,488 participants; subgroup analyses by baseline 25(OH)D, dosing regimen, and age].

42. [Pediatric ARI Meta-Analysis, 2025]. The role of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory infections in pediatric populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 RCTs (n=18,372). BMC Pediatr. [CRD420251133291].

43. Vitamin D, Metabolic Syndrome & Obesity

44. Kauser H, et al. Factors showing the growing relation between vitamin D, metabolic syndrome, and obesity in the adult population: a systematic review. Cureus. 2022;14(7):e27377. [PMCID: PMC9411819].

45. Lips P, et al. (October 2017). Fasting plasma glucose and insulin resistance in vitamin D deficiency. Referenced in: Kauser et al., Cureus 2022.

46. Goncalves A, et al. (October 2017). Fat-soluble micronutrients and metabolic syndrome prevention. Referenced in: Kauser et al., Cureus 2022.

47. Kheiri B, et al. (June 2018). Vitamin D deficiency linked to hypertension and cardiovascular mortality. Referenced in: Kauser et al., Cureus 2022.

48. Rafiq S, et al. (August 2018). Low vitamin D and increased BMI in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Referenced in: Kauser et al., Cureus 2022.

49. Vranić L, et al. (August 2018). Lifestyle modification for obesity-related dysmetabolic conditions and vitamin D insufficiency. Referenced in: Kauser et al., Cureus 2022.

50. Hyppönen E, et al. (September 2018). Vitamin D physiological actions offsetting obesity metabolic effects. Referenced in: Kauser et al., Cureus 2022.