DEVELOPMENTAL DISRUPTION OF BRONCHUS-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE (BALT) UNDER CHRONIC AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE: A COMPREHENSIVE MORPHOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL REVIEW
- Authors
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Azizova Feruza Khusanovna
Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Department of Histology and Medical Biology Tashkent State Medical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Author
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To’laboyev Sunnatulla Olimjonovich
Tashkent State Medical University, Chirchiq Branch,Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Author
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Nurmatov Bakhriddin Qo‘ziboyevich
PhD Tashkent State Medical University, Chirchiq Branch, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Author
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- Keywords:
- BALT; air pollution; immune morphogenesis; lymphoid tissue development; environmental immunotoxicology; respiratory histology; oxidative stress.
- Abstract
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This structured review synthesizes contemporary experimental and clinical evidence regarding the impact of chronic atmospheric air pollution on the postnatal development and morphogenesis of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were screened for peer-reviewed publications between 2000 and 2024. Evidence indicates that particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and urban airborne nanoparticles disrupt follicular organization, alter CD3+/CD20+ lymphocyte distribution, impair germinal center formation, and promote epithelial remodeling. Mechanistically, oxidative stress, cytokine imbalance (IL-6, TNF-α), and TGF-β-mediated tissue remodeling are central contributors. Early-life exposure appears to represent a critical window of immune vulnerability. The findings highlight the importance of morphological monitoring as an indicator of environmental immunotoxic risk.
- References
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- Published
- 2026-02-26
- Issue
- Vol. 2 No. 2 (2026)
- Section
- Articles
- License
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
